This article offers insights into Mpox (monkeypox) history, symptoms, and prevention. With growing concerns about this virus, it has become crucial to know its origins, transmission, and how to protect yourself against it.
What is Mpox?
Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a zoonotic disease that has gained significant attention recently. The virus was first identified in 1959 when monkeys from Singapore, sent to a research facility in Denmark, fell ill, leading to its name. It was later confirmed in humans in 1970 when a 9-month-old child in the Democratic Republic of the Congo was diagnosed. Historically, the smallpox vaccine offered protection against Mpox, but with the eradication of smallpox, Mpox has become increasingly relevant.
Global Spread and Current Outbreak
Traditionally endemic to central and western Africa, Mpox has recently escalated into a global issue, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. While outbreaks have been common in Africa, the current global spread highlights the need for enhanced vigilance and response.
How Mpox Spreads
Mpox is a zoonotic infection, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. Key carriers include squirrels, rats, mice, monkeys, primates, prairie dogs, hedgehogs, and pigs Transmission between humans can occur through:
- Respiratory Droplets: From coughing or sneezing.
- Direct Contact: With the rash or lesions of an infected individual.
- Sexual Activity: Sexual transmission is a significant factor in the current outbreaks, particularly with intimate contact.
Understanding Mpox Clades(Groups)
Two genetically distinct clades of Mpox have been identified:
- Congo Basin (Central African) Clade (Clade 1): More common and associated with human-to-human transmission. The current outbreak is driven by a variant known as Clade 1b.
- West African Clade (Clade 2): Less frequently reported and not typically linked to human-to-human transmission.
Risk Factors for Mpox
Certain factors increase the likelihood of contracting Mpox:
- Living in Forested and Rural Areas: Especially in central and western Africa.
- Handling Bushmeat: Preparing or coming into contact with bushmeat.
- Caring for Infected Individuals: Providing care to someone with Mpox.
- Lack of Smallpox Vaccination: Previous smallpox vaccination offered some protection.
- Male Gender and Sexual Activity: Increased risk associated with sexual activity with an infected person.
Symptoms of Mpox
After entering the body through the nose, mouth, skin, or anus, the Mpox virus multiplies and spreads over a period of 7 to 21 days. During this period, there are no symptoms.
Initial symptoms after the 7 – 21 day period include:
- Fever and Headache
- Muscle Pain and Fatigue
- Enlarged Lymph Nodes
Within 1 to 2 days after the onset of the symptoms, lesions appear in the mouth and then on the skin, especially on the face, hands, and legs, including palms and soles. The rash typically starts centrally and spreads outward, with the number of lesions varying from a few to several thousand. The disease generally resolves within 3 to 4 weeks.
Diagnosis and Treatment
Diagnosing Mpox involves viral culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. While there is no specific antiviral treatment, supportive care can help manage symptoms. Prevention is crucial, and vaccination with the Ankara vaccine is highly recommended.
Preventing Mpox
To protect yourself and others from Mpox:
- Avoid Close Contact: With infected individuals.
- Do Not Share Personal Items: Avoid sharing items like towels and bedding.
- Practice Good Hygiene: Regular handwashing can reduce the risk.
- Avoid Undercooked Bushmeat: Ensure meat is thoroughly cooked.
- Advise anyone with symptoms to see a healthcare professional
By understanding Mpox (Monkeypox) symptoms and prevention and following these preventive measures, we can better manage and reduce the spread of this virus. Stay informed and take proactive steps to protect yourself and your community.